ABSTRACT In this study, the aim of this study was to identify the source of resistance using KASP markers developed for Rpp1 – Rpp5 and screening for resistance in field trials in F2 populations. Ten F2 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) populations derived from crosses between rust-susceptible (55I57RSF IPRO, 63I64RSF IPRO) and rust-resistant sources (PI 200492, PI 594538A, PI 587880A, PI 594723, PI 230970, PI 506764, PI 459025A and PI 200487) were evaluated. All F2 plants were individually evaluated in field conditions for ASR phenotypic reactions and classified according to sporulation level. KASP markers were developed according to assays associated with Rpp genes available at SoyBase. Based on a slight difference in map position and different phenotypic disease reactions of PI 200492, we suggest that PI 594723 carries a resistance gene Rpp1-b. The Rpp1-b gene from PI 594723 was mapped on Chr 18 in a 12.4 cM region. The PIs carrying Rpp1-b (PI 594723, PI 587880A, and 594538A) showed strong resistance to ASR compared to the lines carrying Rpp1 (PI 200492). A total of 26 KASP markers were significantly associated (P < 0.01) with ASR resistance. Among those, M1, M5, and M6 (Rpp1), M13 and M14 (Rpp2), M16, M17 and M20 (Rpp3), M25 and M26 (Rpp4), and M27 and M28 (Rpp5) have the potential to be used in marker-assisted selection strategies.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the breeding influences in different agronomic and physiological traits in Brazilian soybean cultivars, released between 1965 and 2011, to identify traits associated with modern cultivars. A total of 29 cultivars were evaluated in two locations in the 2016/17 crop season. Genotype selection based on agronomic and physiological traits was determined using GYT (Grain Yield*Trait) methodology, which uses the Superiority Index to rank genotypes by mean of all traits. Grain Yield is combined with other target traits and shows the strengths and weaknesses of each genotype. Soybean breeding improved desirable traits during the 46 years of evaluation. Superiority index can be a powerful tool for breeders to obtain high genetic gains in the future. The cultivars DMario 58i, TMG 7161RR and TMG 7262 RR stand out as the best cultivars but present different sets of desirable traits. The traits grain yield, harvest index, number of pods per plant, reproductive-vegetative ratio, photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate are core traits which can be evaluated in soybean breeding programs.

Abstract The wheat cultivar UTF 25 is recommended for wheat-growing regions 1 and 2 of Paraná and Santa Catarina states. It has a good disease resistance, early cycle, and high grain yield potential, with an average yield of 3.511 kg ha-1. It is classified as bread wheat with white flour.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as associações entre estimativas de adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade em soja (Glycine max), e estimar o coeficiente de repetibilidade dessas associações entre anos. Foram avaliados 22 genótipos em 27 ambientes, na safra 2012/2013, e em 19 ambientes na 2013/2014. Nas safras seguintes, foram avaliados 28 genótipos em 26 ambientes, em 2014/2015, e em 25 ambientes em 2015/2016, no total de 97 ensaios. Quatorze métodos foram avaliados; os coeficientes de correlação de Spearman foram obtidos para os parâmetros adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade; e os coeficientes de repetibilidade, bem como o número mínimo de ambientes necessário para se obter um coeficiente de determinação de 80 e 90%, foram calculados. O número mínimo de ambientes necessários para estimar o grau de associação entre as estimativas dos parâmetros foi baixo (sete locais). Os métodos de Eberhart & Russell e GGE biplot são essenciais na avaliação da produtividade, da adaptabilidade e da estabilidade em soja, pois conseguem englobar estes aspectos com o uso de um conjunto mínimo de métodos. Já os métodos de Annicchiarico (AN), Silva & Barreto (SB), Cruz (CR) e Storck & Vencovsky (SV) podem ser utilizados para gerar informações complementares, tais como: verificação da estabilidade para ambientes em geral e para ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis (AN); adaptabilidade em ambientes favoráveis e desfavoráveis (SB, CR e SV); e produtividade média em todos os ambientes, e em ambientes favoráveis ou desfavoráveis (SV).

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the association between estimates of adaptability, stability, and productivity in soybean (Glycine max), and to estimate the repeatability coefficient of these associations between years. A total of 22 genotypes were evaluated in 27 environments in the 2012/2013 crop season and in 19 environments in 2013/2014. In the next crop seasons, 28 genotypes were evaluated in 26 environments, in 2014/2015, and in 25 environments in 2015/2016, totalizing 97 trials. Fourteen methods were evaluated; Spearman correlation coefficients were obtained for the parameters of stability, adaptability, and productivity; and the repeatability coefficients, as well as the minimum number of required environments for a coefficient of determination of 80 and 90%, were calculated. The minimum number of environments required to estimate the degree of association between the parameters was low (seven sites). The methods of Eberhart & Russell and GGE biplot are essential in the evaluation of productivity, adaptability, and stability in soybean because they are able to encompass these aspects using a minimum set of methods. The methods of Annicchiarico (AN), Silva & Barreto (SB), Cruz (CR), and Storck & Vencovsky (SV) can be used to generate complementary information, such as: stability for general, favorable, and unfavorable environments (AN); adaptability in favorable and unfavorable environments (SB, CR, and SV); and average productivity in all environments and in favorable or unfavorable environments (SV).

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo, a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de cultivares modernas de soja (Glycine max), em ensaios multiambientes, assim como identificar os genótipos ideais para oito ambientes de cultivo no Brasil. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, para a avaliação de 46 cultivares em oito ambientes, nas microrregiões de adaptação 102, 201 e 202, na safra 2014/2015. Ocorreu interação genótipo x ambiente complexa, com alterações do ranqueamento de cultivares entre os locais. As cultivares NA 5909 RG, M6410IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO, NS6823RR, M5917IPRO, NS 6767 RR e 6563RSF IPRO apresentaram as maiores médias produtivas. As cultivares NA 5909 RG, NS6823RR, M6410IPRO e NS 5959 IPRO apresentaram elevada adaptabilidade e estabilidade e alta produtividade de grãos, nos ambientes avaliados, e posicionaram-se próximo do que seria considerado ideal para os ambientes analisados. Há cultivares modernas de soja adaptadas, estáveis e com elevada produtividade, para o cultivo nas microrregiões 102, 201 e 202 de adaptação da cultura da soja no Brasil.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, and the adaptability and stability parameters of modern soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in multi-environment trials, as well as to identify the ideal genotypes for eight growing environments in Brazil. A randomized complete block experimental design was carried out, with three replicates, for the evaluation of 46 soybean cultivars in eight environments, in the microregions of adaptation 102, 201, and 202, in the 2014/2015 crop season. A complex genotype x environment interaction occurred, with changes in the ranking of genotypes among locations. The NA 5909 RG, M6410IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO, NS6823RR, M5917IPRO, NS 6767 RR, and 6563RSF IPRO cultivars showed the highest mean yields. The NA 5909 RG, NS6823RR, M6410IPRO, and NS 5959 IPRO cultivars showed high adaptability and stability and high grain yield, in the evaluated environments, and were ranked next to the ideal genotype for the analyzed environments. There are modern soybean cultivars, which are adapted, stable, and highly productive, for cultivation in the microregions 102, 201, and 202 for soybean crop adaptation in Brazil.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a precisão experimental de diferentes métodos de análise estatística para ensaios com grande número de genótipos de soja e sua relação com o número de repetições. Foram usados dados de produtividade de grãos de soja (nove ensaios, 324 genótipos, 46 cultivares, 278 linhagens, safra agrícola de 2014/15). Dois destes ensaios foram realizados no mesmo local, lado a lado, constituindo um ensaio com seis repetições. Cada ensaio foi analisado pelos delineamentos de blocos ao acaso, látice triplo e uso do método de Papadakis. Foram estimados a acurácia seletiva, diferença mínima significativa e índice de diferenciação de Fasoulas, e, ainda foram testados os pressupostos do modelo. O método de reamostragem foi usado para estudar a influência do número de repetições, variando o número de blocos e estimando as medidas de precisão. Os indicadores de precisão experimental do método de Papadakis são mais favoráveis, quando comparados com os delineamentos de blocos ao acaso e látice triplo. Para obter acurácia seletiva acima da faixa de alta precisão experimental em ensaios com 324 genótipos de soja, pode-se usar duas repetições e analisar os dados, usando o delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso ou método de Papadakis.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the experimental precision of different methods of statistical analysis for trials with large numbers of soybean genotypes, and their relationship with the number of replicates. Soybean yield data (nine trials; 324 genotypes; 46 cultivars; 278 lines; agricultural harvest of 2014/15) were used. Two of these trials were performed at the same location, side by side, forming a trial with six replicates. Each trial was analyzed by the randomized complete block, triple lattice design, and use of the Papadakis method. The selective accuracy, least significant difference, and Fasoulas differentiation index were estimated, and model assumptions were tested. The resampling method was used to study the influence of the number of replicates, by varying the number of blocks and estimating the precision measurements. The experimental precision indicators of the Papadakis method are more favorable as compared to the randomized complete block design and triple lattice. To obtain selective accuracy above the high experimental precision range in trials with 324 soybean genotypes, two repetitions can be used, and data can be analyzed using the randomized complete block design or Papadakis method.

RESUMO A eficiência de uso do Nitrogênio (EUN) é definida como a capacidade de determinado genótipo em aproveitar o Nitrogênio (N) aplicado e transformá-lo em fitomassa e grãos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar 12 cultivares de trigo quanto à EUN e seus componentes. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente controlado, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Doze cultivares de trigo foram submetidas a diferentes doses de N (0, 80, 160 e 240 kg de N∙ha–1). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, comparação múltipla de médias, regressão polinomial e análise de trilha. A eficiência de remobilização do Nitrogênio (ERN) foi o principal componente da EUN das cultivares avaliadas, tanto na condição de baixa quanto na de alta oferta de adubação nitrogenada. Na média das cultivares, a eficiência de utilização do Nitrogênio (EUtN) apresentou tendência de redução à medida que se elevou a oferta de N, tendendo à estabilização na dose de 231 kg de N∙ha–1. As cultivares de trigo Mirante, TBIO Itaipu, BRS Parrudo e TBIO Iguaçu foram as mais eficientes no uso do N, e as duas primeiras também foram eficientes em remobilizar o N da fitomassa para os grãos.

ABSTRACT The nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is defined as the capacity of a given genotype in take advantage of the applied nitrogen (N) and transform it in biomass and grains. The objective of this study was to evaluate 12 wheat cultivars as to the NUE and its components. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment, in a randomized block design with three replications. Twelve wheat cultivars were submitted to four N supply levels (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg of N∙ha–1). The data were submitted to analysis of variance, means multiple comparison, polynomial regression, and path analysis. The nitrogen remobilization efficiency (NRE) was the main NUE component of the evaluated cultivars, in both low and high conditions of nitrogen fertilization. In the cultivars average, the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) presented reduction tendency as the N supply was increased, tending to stabilization at the dose of 231 kg of N∙ha–1. The wheat cultivars Mirante, TBIO Itaipu, BRS Parrudo, and TBIO Iguaçu were the most efficient on the N use, and the first two were also efficient in remobilizing the N from the phytomass to the grains.

O objetivo deste estudo foi selecionar linhagens de trigo para qualidade de panificação e para rendimento de grãos (RG), em ensaios multiambientes, e identificar ambientes de teste ideais para a seleção. Foram avaliados 39 genótipos de trigo, sendo 18 linhagens e nove cultivares testemunhas, em 2010, e 11 linhagens e quatro cultivares testemunhas, em 2011, no Estado do Paraná. Algumas linhagens e locais não foram repetidos entre os dois anos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. A metodologia, em gráfico biplot GGE (Genotype and Genotype-by-Environment), foi utilizada para a avaliação de genótipos e ambientes de teste. Na safra 2010, os locais de Nova Fátima, Pitangueiras e Ventania foram discriminantes (maximizaram a expressão do RG e diferenciação entre genótipos) e representativos do conjunto de ambientes avaliados. Em 2011, Rolândia e Astorga destacaram-se como ambientes ideais para seleção simultânea para RG e qualidade de panificação. As linhagens BIO-08528 e BIO-08228 foram classificadas como genótipos ideais para o RG e a concentração proteica dos grãos (CPG), respectivamente. Na safra 2011, as linhagens BIO-10161 e BIO-10141 foram superiores para RG e para qualidade de panificação, respectivamente. O teste de sedimentação SDS e a CPG correlacionaram-se entre si (r = 0,61**) e foram moderadamente associados com a força de glúten (r = 0,49** e 0,74**), indicando que podem ser utilizados na seleção indireta para qualidade de panificação.

The objective of this study was to select wheat lines for baking quality and grain yield in multi-environment trials in order to identify ideal test environments for selection. A total of 39 wheat genotypes, 18 inbred lines and 9 checks were evaluated in 2010, and other 11 inbred lines and 4 checks in 2011, in the state of Paraná. Some lines and locations were not repeated between the two years. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. GGE biplot analysis (Genotype and Genotype-by-environment) was used to evaluate the genotypes and test environments. The locations Nova Fátima, Pitangueiras and Ventania were discriminative (maximized the expression of yield potential and the differentiation among genotypes) and representatives of the environments evaluated in the 2010 crop season. Rolândia and Astorga stood out as ideal environments to select better genotypes for baking quality in 2011. The inbred lines BIO-08528 and BIO-08228 were classified as ideal genotypes for grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GPC), respectively. However, in 2011 the inbred lines BIO-10161 and BIO-10141 were superior for baking quality and GY, respectively. SDS sedimentation test and GPC were correlated each other (r= 0,61**) and moderately associated with the gluten strength (r=0,49 and** 0,74**), indicating that both traits can be used for indirect selection of baking quality.